/* Author: Paul H. Cook, 2002.
/* E-mail: me _at_ myhomeaddress _dot_ org (replace _at_ and _dot_)

/* This document demonstrates how to perform arithmetic in SPSS macros. 

/* Arithmetic is not implemented in SPSS macros. Assignments such as 
/* "!let !x = !y + 3" generate an error. Two solutions to this omission 
/* are demonstrated in this document: using strings, and using loops. 

/* String manipulations can be used to simulate arithmetic. Concatenation 
/* can be used to perform addition, and substrings can be used to perform 
/* subtraction. Multiplication and division can be implemented as repeated 
/* addition and subtraction.

/* The looping construct in SPSS macros implements true arithmetic. The 
/* indexing variable is incremented and decremented using integer 
/* arithmetic. This functionality can be harnessed and used.

/* In this document, macro !demo() demonstrates:
/*      1) addition, using strings
/*      2) addition, using loops
/*      3) multiplication, using strings
/*      4) multiplication, using loops
/*      5) subtraction, using strings
/*      6) subtraction, using loops
/*      7) division, using strings
/*      8) division, using loops
/*      9) division, using a hybrid approach
/*     10) modulus, using strings
/*     11) modulus, using loops
/*     12) modulus, using a hybrid approach

/* If you want to perform addition, subtraction or multiplication, then the
/* most clear and concise method is that using strings.

/* If you want to perform division or calculate the modulus, then the most
/* clear and concise method is the hybrid approach using both the loops
/* method and the strings method.

/* The most common scenario for using arithmetic is to increment or decrement
/* a variable by a fixed amount. These can be accomplished with single lines 
/* of code when using the strings methodology:
/* - to increment !counter by 1, use...
/*       !let !counter = !length(!concat(!blanks(!counter), !blanks(1)))  
/* - to decrement !counter by 1, use...
/*       !let !counter = !length(!substr(!blanks(!counter), 2))           

/* This demonstration is implemented for whole numbers only {0, 1, 2, 3,...}.
/* The methodology could probably be extended to work with negative numbers
/* and decimal fractions. 

/* Division is implemented as integer division, such that 6/2=3 and 7/2=3. 
/* Methodologies for calculating the modulus (remainder) are given, such that
/* the modulus of 6/2=0 and the modulus of 7/2=1.

/* The looping construct in SPSS macros uses long integers, which limits the 
/* maximum result to +/- 2,147,483,647 when using the loops method. Please 
/* note that SPSS does not generate an overflow error if you exceed this; it 
/* just produces the wrong result.

/* This code cannot be encapsulated in macros called from other macros. This 
/* is because assignments such as  "!let !a = !add(6,2)"  do not work; SPSS
/* will not recognise any tokens following the macro name "!add".



/************************ start of macro ************************/
define !demo()

	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	/* initialise                                             */
	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */

	/* The operations 6+2, 6*2, 6-2, 6/2, and the modulus of 6/2 will */
	/* be demonstrated using the variables !a and !b. */
	!let !a = 6
	!let !b = 2


	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	/* addition, using strings (!a + !b)                      */
	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */

	/* add !a and !b */
	!let !answer = !length(!concat(!blanks(!a), !blanks(!b)))
	
	/* display the answer */
	compute add_str = !answer.
	

	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	/* addition, using loops (!a + !b)                        */
	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */

	/* add !a and !b */
	!let !first = true
	!do !x = !a !to 2147483647 !by !b
		!if (!first = true) !then
			!let !first = false
		!else
			!let !answer = !x
			!break
		!ifend
	!doend

	/* display the answer */
	compute add_loop = !answer.

	
	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	/* multiplication, using strings (!a * !b)                */
	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */

	/* repeated addition of !b */
	!let !tally = !blanks(0)
	!do !x = 1 !to !a
		!let !tally = !concat(!tally, !blanks(!b))
	!doend
	
	/* record the answer */
	!let !answer = !length(!tally)
	
	/* free the memory */
	!let !tally = !blanks(0)
	
	/* display the answer */
	compute mul_str = !answer.
	

	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	/* multiplication, using loops (!a * !b)                  */
	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */

	/* multiply !a and !b */
	!let !answer = 0
	!do !y = 1 !to !a	
		!let !first = true
		!do !x = !answer !to 2147483647 !by !b
			!if (!first = true) !then
				!let !first = false
			!else
				!let !answer = !x
				!break
			!ifend
		!doend
	!doend

	/* display the answer */
	compute mul_loop = !answer.


	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	/* subtraction, using strings (!a - !b)                   */
	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	
	/* subtract !b from !a */
	!let !answer = !length(!substr(!blanks(!a), !length(!concat(!blanks(!b), !blanks(1)))))
	
	/* display the answer */
	compute sub_str = !answer.
	

	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	/* subtraction, using loops (!a - !b)                     */
	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	
	/* subtract !b from !a */
	!let !first = true
	!do !x = !a !to -2147483647 !by -!b
		!if (!first = true) !then
			!let !first = false
		!else
			!let !answer = !x
			!break
		!ifend
	!doend

	/* display the answer */
	compute sub_loop = !answer.
	

	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	/* division, using strings (!a / !b)                      */
	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	
	/* if we don't have a division-by-zero error, then do the division */
	!if (!b <> 0) !then
		
		/* count how many times !b goes into !a */
		
		!let !tally = !blanks(0)
		!let !num = !blanks(!a)

		!do !x = 1 !to !a

			/* NB "!if (10 < 2) !then" evaluates to True, because SPSS does a string comparison. */
			/* Hence, to do a numerical comparison "!if (!length(!num) < !b) !then"... */
			!if (!length(!length(!num)) = !length(!b) !and !length(!num) < !b
				!or !length(!length(!num)) < !length(!b)
			) !then
				/* done */
				!break
				
			!else
				/* subtract !b from !num */
				!if (!length(!num) = !b) !then
					!let !num = !blanks(0)
				!else
					!let !num = !substr(!num, !length(!concat(!blanks(!b), !blanks(1))))
				!ifend
				
				/* increment the tally */
				!let !tally = !concat(!tally, !blanks(1))
			!ifend
			
		!doend

		/* record the answer */
		!let !answer = !length(!tally)
		
		/* free the memory */
		!let !tally = !blanks(0)
		!let !num = !blanks(0)
		
		/* display the answer */
		compute div_str = !answer.
	
	!ifend


	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	/* division, using loops (!a / !b)                        */
	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	
	/* if we don't have a division-by-zero error, then do the division */
	!if (!b <> 0) !then
		
		!let !answer = 0
		
		/* count how many times !b goes into !a */
		!do !y = !a !to !b !by -!b
			
			/* increment the answer */
			!let !first = true
			!do !x = !answer !to 2147483647
				!if (!first = true) !then
					!let !first = false
				!else
					!let !answer = !x
					!break
				!ifend
			!doend
			
		!doend
		
		/* display the answer */
		compute div_loop = !answer.
	
	!ifend


	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	/* division, using a hybrid approach (!a / !b)            */
	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	
	/* if we don't have a division-by-zero error, then do the division */
	!if (!b <> 0) !then
		
		!let !answer = 0
		
		/* count how many times !b goes into !a */
		!do !y = !a !to !b !by -!b
			/* increment the answer */
			!let !answer = !length(!concat(!blanks(!answer), !blanks(1)))  
		!doend
		
		/* display the answer */
		compute div_hyb = !answer.
	
	!ifend


	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	/* modulus of !a / !b, using strings                      */
	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	
	/* if we don't have a division-by-zero error... */
	!if (!b <> 0) !then
		
		/* do division */
		
		!let !num = !blanks(!a)

		!do !x = 1 !to !a
			
			/* NB "!if (10 < 2) !then" evaluates to True, because SPSS does a string comparison. */
			/* Hence, to do a numerical comparison "!if (!length(!num) < !b) !then"... */
			!if (!length(!length(!num)) = !length(!b) !and !length(!num) < !b
				!or !length(!length(!num)) < !length(!b)
			) !then
				/* done */
				!break
				
			!else
				/* subtract !b from !num */
				!if (!length(!num) = !b) !then
					!let !num = !blanks(0)
				!else
					!let !num = !substr(!num, !length(!concat(!blanks(!b), !blanks(1))))
				!ifend
			!ifend
			
		!doend
		
		/* record the answer */
		!let !answer = !length(!num)
		
		/* free the memory */
		!let !num = !blanks(0)
		
		/* display the answer */
		compute mod_str = !answer.
	
	!ifend


	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	/* modulus of !a / !b, using loops                        */
	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	
	/* if we don't have a division-by-zero error... */
	!if (!b <> 0) !then
		
		!let !answer = 0
		
		/* do division */
		!do !y = !a !to !b !by -!b
		!doend

		/* modulus = !y - !b */
		!let !first = true
		!do !x = !y !to 0 !by -!b
			!if (!first = true) !then
				!let !first = false
			!else
				!let !answer = !x
				!break
			!ifend
		!doend

		/* display the answer */
		compute mod_loop = !answer.
	
	!ifend


	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	/* modulus of !a / !b, using a hybrid approach            */
	/* ------------------------------------------------------ */
	
	/* if we don't have a division-by-zero error... */
	!if (!b <> 0) !then
		
		/* do division */
		!do !y = !a !to !b !by -!b
		!doend

		/* modulus = !y - !b 
  		!if (!y = !b) !then
			!let !answer = 0
		!else
			!let !answer = !length(!substr(!blanks(!y), !length(!concat(!blanks(!b), !blanks(1)))))
		!ifend

		/* display the answer */
		compute mod_hyb = !answer.
	
	!ifend

!enddefine.
/************************* end of macro *************************/



/* Create a data set, and run the macro.
data list list /a b.
begin data.
6 2
end data.
!demo.
execute.